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Biobased economy, bioeconomy or biotechonomy refers to all economic activity derived from scientific and research activity focused on biotechnology. In other words, understanding mechanisms and processes at the genetic and molecular levels and applying this understanding to creating or improving industrial processes. The term is widely used by regional development agencies, international organizations, biotechnology companies. It is closely linked to the evolution of the biotechnology industry. The ability to study, understand and manipulate genetic material has been possible due to scientific breakthroughs and technological progress. The evolution of the biotechnology industry and its application to agriculture, health, chemical or energy industries is a classic example of bioeconomic activity. 〔Smyth, S. J., Aerni, P., Castle, D., Demont, M., Falck-Zepeda, J. B., Paarlberg, R., Phillips, P. W. B., Pray, C. E., Savastano, S., Wesseler, J., Zilberman, D. (2011). Sustainability and the bioeconomy: Policy recommendations from the 15th ICABR conference. ''AgBioForum'', 14(3), 180-186〕〔Wesseler, J., D. S. Spielman, M. Demont (eds.) (2011): The Future of Governance in the Global Bioeconomy: Policy, Regulation, and Investment Challenges for the Biotechnology and Bioenergy Sectors. ''AgBioForum'', 13(4), 288-290〕 ==History== The term was first defined by Juan Enríquez and Rodrigo Martinez,〔http://www.ideo.com/people/rodrigo-martinez/〕 Life Sciences Chief Strategist at IDEO at the Genomics Seminar in the 1997 AAAS meeting. An excerpt of this paper was published in ''Science''."〔Enríquez-Cabot, Juan. "Genomics and the World's Economy." ''Science'' 281 (14 August 1998): 925-926.〕 Enríquez and Martinez' 2002 Harvard Business School working paper, "Biotechonomy 1.0: A Rough Map of Biodata Flow", showed the global flow of genetic material into and out of the three largest public genetic databases: GenBank, EMBL and DDBJ. The authors then hypothesized about the economic impact that such data flows might have on patent creation, evolution of biotech startups and licensing fees.〔Juan Enríquez, Rodrigo Martinez. "Biotechonomy 1.0: A Rough Map of Biodata Flow", Harvard Business School working paper # 03-028, August 2002.〕 An adaptation of this paper was published in ''Wired'' magazine in 2003.〔Rodrigo Martinez, Juan Enríquez, Jonathan West. "DNA Space. The Geography of the Genome", ''Wired'', June 2003. p. 160.〕 Since about 2005, the creation of a biobased economy has been a significant issue in the Netherlands.〔(Biobased economy.nl )〕 Pilot plants have been started i.e. in Lelystad (Zeafuels), and a centralised organisation exists (Interdepartementaal programma biobased economy), with supporting research (Food & Biobased Research) being conducted.〔(Schematic showing the biomass and processes used in Zeafuels )〕 In 2012 president Barack Obama of the USA announced intentions to encourage biological manufacturing methods, with a National Bioeconomy Blueprint.〔(White House Promotes a Bioeconomy ) April 26, 2012〕 In the same year in Belgium the Bio Base Europe Pilot Plant was set up.〔EOS magazine, 6, 2012〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「biobased economy」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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